This is an interesting
article no matter what your opinion on IVF is. For those of us living with a
genetic condition, and especially those of us who have passed along the
defective DNA to our children, the possibility of erasing the defect from
future generations provides hope.
The UK has now become the first country
to approve laws to allow the creation of babies from three people. The modified
version of IVF has passed its final legislative obstacle after being approved
by the House of Lords.
The fertility regulator will now decide
how to license the procedure to prevent babies inheriting deadly genetic
diseases. The first baby could be born as early as 2016.
A large majority of MPs in the House of
Commons approved "three-person babies" earlier this month. The House
of Lords tonight rejected an attempt to block the plan by a majority of 232.
Mitochondria are the tiny compartments
inside nearly every cell of the body that convert food into useable energy. But
genetic defects in the mitochondria mean the body has insufficient energy to
keep the heart beating or the brain functioning. The structures are passed down
only from the mother and have their own DNA, although it does not alter traits
including appearance or personality.
The technique, developed in Newcastle,
uses a modified version of IVF to combine the healthy mitochondria of a donor
woman with DNA of the two parents. It results in babies with 0.1% of their DNA
from the second woman and is a permanent change that would echo down through
the generations.
Timeline
- March to August - The UK fertility
regulator will develop and then publish their licensing rules for
assessing applications to perform three-person IVF
- Early Summer - The team in
Newcastle publish the final safety experiments demanded by the regulator
- 29 October - Regulations come into
force
- 24 November - Clinics can apply to
the regulator for a licence
- By the end of 2015 - the first
attempt could take place
In the debate, health minister Lord
Howe said there was an opportunity to offer "real hope" to families. He
stated the UK was leading the world and that three safety reviews by experts
suggested it would be safe.
Lord Howe told the House:
"Families can see that the technology is there to help them and are keen
to take it up, they have noted the conclusions of the expert panel. It would be
cruel and perverse in my opinion, to deny them that opportunity for any longer
than absolutely necessary."
Lord Deben, the former government
minister John Gummer, countered that there were "real doubts about
safety". He also voiced concerns about whether the creation of such babies
would be legal. It is quite clear that there is considerable disagreement, let
me put it simply like that, about whether this action is legal under European
law."
Baroness Scotland of Asthal, a former
Labour attorney general, also questioned the legality asking: "Why the
haste? Everyone agrees we have to get this right. If we're going to do
something which everyone agrees is novel, different and important
internationally we really have to be confident that we are on solid ground. If
we are not we give a disservice."
Fertility doctor, Lord Winston, told
the House there were comparison with the early days of IVF which was "also
a set in the dark". He added: "I don't believe my Lords, in spite of
what we've heard this evening, that this technology threatens the fabric of
society in the slightest bit."
1) Two eggs are fertilised with sperm,
creating an embryo from the intended parents and another from the donors 2) The
pronuclei, which contain genetic information, are removed from both embryos but
only the parents' are kept 3) A healthy embryo is created by adding the
parents' pronuclei to the donor embryo, which is finally implanted into the
womb
1) Eggs from a mother with damaged
mitochondria and a donor with healthy mitochondria are collected 2) The
majority of the genetic material is removed from both eggs 3) The mother's
genetic material is inserted into the donor egg, which can be fertilised by
sperm.
Sally Cheshire, the chairwoman of the
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, said: "Britain is the first
country in the world to permit this treatment, and it is a testament to the
scientific expertise and well-respected regulatory regime that exists across
the UK that Parliament has felt able to approve it.
"The HFEA now have to develop a
robust licensing process, which takes into account on a case by case basis the
technical and ethical complexities of such treatments to ensure that any
children born have the best chance of a healthy life.
"The HFEA has a long tradition of
dealing with medical and scientific breakthroughs, ensuring that IVF
techniques, pioneered in the UK and now practised across the world, can be used
safely and effectively in fertility treatment."
Prof Alison Murdoch, who was
instrumental in developing the technique at Newcastle University, said:
"For 10 years we have publically discussed mitochondrial donation to
explain how it could help patients whose families are blighted by the
consequences of mitochondrial abnormalities.
"Whilst acknowledging the views of
those who have a fundamental objection to our work, Parliament has determined
that we should continue. We hope that opponents will accept its democratic
decision. The science will be reviewed and, if accepted, we hope to be able to
submit a treatment application to the HFEA when regulatory policies have been
determined."
James Lawford Davies, a lawyer from
Lawford Davies Denoon which specialises in the life sciences, told the BBC:
"All of the legal arguments made in opposition to the regulations are
hopeless. The regulations do not breach the Clinical Trials Directive which
applies only to medicinal products.
"The regulations do not breach the
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms which prohibit 'eugenic
practices' as this is intended to prevent practices such as forced
sterilisation and reproductive cloning, not treatments intended to prevent the
transmission of disease."
The Catholic and Anglican Churches in
England said the idea was not safe or ethical, not least because it involved
the destruction of embryos.
Other groups, including Human Genetics
Alert, say the move would open the door to further genetic modification of
children in the future - so-called designer babies, genetically modified for
beauty, intelligence or to be free of disease.
Estimates suggest 150 couples would be
suitable to have babies through the technique each year. If the measure goes
ahead, the first "three-person" baby could be born next year.